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2025

Bjornsdottir, R.T., Morgan, M., Jónsdóttir, H.L.H., Garðarsdóttir, R.B. and Rule, N.O. (2025). Consistent Facial Cues to Social Class Across Two Different Western Contexts.Eur J Soc Psychol., 55(2), 692-707. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.3163

Morgan, M. G. & Rule, N. O. (2025). Accuracy, Bias, and Overgeneralization: Perceived Aggression Guides Threat Detection and Punishment of Female Criminal Offenders. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 49(2), 227-248. doi: 10.1007/s10919-024-00475-8

Bjornsdottir, R. T., Conner, P., & Rule, N. O. (2025). Social Judgments from Faces and Bodies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000397

Schwartzman, E., & Rule, N. O. (2025). Sexual orientation as a contextual frame for attractiveness judgments. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1037/xge0001563

Regehr, C., & Rule, N. O. (2025). From pandemic crisis to recovery and resilience: lessons from COVID-19 at a large urban research university. Critical Studies in Higher Education, 50(1), 200-215. doi: 10.1080/03075079.2024.2332415

2024

Deska, J. C., Tian, L., & Rule, N. O. (2024). Nonverbal facial cues signaling sexually transmitted infections cause dehumanization and discrimination. Current Research in Ecological and Social Psychology, 6, 100178. doi: 10.1016/j.cresp.2023.100178

Regehr, C., & Rule, N. O. (2024). Addressing challenges to recovery and building future resilience in the wake of COVID-19. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 17(3), 284-297.

2023

Alley, Z. M., Kerr, D. C. R., Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2023). Relating Facial Trustworthiness to Antisocial Behavior in Adolescent and Adult Men. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 47(3), 385-402. doi: 10.1007/s10919-023-00432-x

Demchenko, I., Desai, N., Iwasa, S. N., Gholamali Nezhad, F., Zariffa, J., Kennedy, S. H., Rule, N. O., Cohn, J. F., Popovic, M. R., Mulsant, B. H., & Bhat, V. (2023). Manipulating facial musculature with functional electrical stimulation as an intervention for major depressive disorder: a focused search of literature for a proposal. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 20(1), 64. doi: 10.1186/s12984-023-01187-8

Schwartzman, E., & Rule, N.O. (2023). How social, emotional, and motivational forces affect facial appearance over time. In Kleck, R. E., Adams, R. B., & Hess, U. (Eds.), Emotion Communication by the Aging Face and Body: A Multidisciplinary View. Cambridge University Press.

Schwartzman, E., Alaei, R., Rule, N. O. (2023). Accuracy and consistency in social categorization across context, motivation, and time. Social Cognition, 41(2), 103-136. doi: 10.1521/soco.2023.41.2.103

Witkower, Z., Rule, N. O., & Tracy, J. L. (2023). Emotions do reliably co-occur with predicted facial signals: Comment on Durán and Fernandez-Dols (2021). Emotion, 23(3), 903-907. doi: 10.1037/emo0001162

2022

Alaei, R., Deska, J. C., Hugenberg, K., & Rule, N. O. (2022). People attribute humanness to men and women differently based on their facial appearance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 123, 400-422. doi: 10.1037/pspi0000364

Alaei, R., Rule, N. O., & MacDonald, G. (2022). Individuals’ favorite songs’ lyrics reflect their attachment style. Personal Relationships, 29(4), 778-794. doi: 10.1111/pere.12448

Bjornsdottir, R. T., Cheso, D., & Rule, N. O. (2022). Beyond categories: Perceiving sexual attraction from faces. British Journal of Psychology, 113, 226-247. doi: 10.1111/bjop.12523

Bjornsdottir, R. T., Hehman, E., Agboh, D., & Rule, N. O. (2022). Parsing the mechanisms underlying ingroup facial resemblance. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48, 782-792. doi: 10.1177/01461672211025206

Chow, J. K., Rhodes, S., Rule, N. O., Buchsbaum, B. R., & Hasher, L. (2022). Absence of a mere-exposure effect in older and younger adults. Psychology and Aging, 37, 742-748. doi: 10.1037/pag0000702

Giacomin, M., Brinton, C., & Rule, N. O. (2022). Narcissistic individuals exhibit poor recognition memory. Journal of Personality, 90, 675-689. doi: 10.1111/jopy.12690

Semenya, S. W., Rule, N. O., & Vasey, P. L. (2022). Fertility status does not facilitate women’s judgment of male sexual orientation. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51, 3351-3360. doi: 10.1007/s10508-022-02356-x

*Tian, L., *Alaei, R., & Rule, N. O. (2022). Appearance reveals music preferences. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 48,(12), 1635-1650. doi: 10.1177/01461672211048291. *denotes shared authorship

Tskhay, K. O., Giacomin, M., & Rule, N. O. (2022). Gender stereotypes explain different mental prototypes of male and female leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 33,(6), 101578. doi: 10.1016/j.leaqua.2021.101578

2021

Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2021). Perceiving acculturation from neutral and emotional faces. Emotion, 21, 720-729. doi: 10.1037/emo0000735

Daros, A. R., & Rule, N. O. (2021). Nonverbal communication in a clinical context: The case of psychotherapy. In C. Liberman & J. Wrench (Eds.) Casing Nonverbal Communication. Kendall Hunt.

Gaither, S. E., Chen, J. M., & Rule, N. O. (2021). Perceptions and experiences of (people with) unconventional identities. Self and Identity. doi: 10.1080/15298868.2020.1711802

Giacomin, M., Mulligan, A., & Rule, N. O. (2021). Dictators differ from democratically elected leaders in facial warmth. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 12, 1216-1224. doi: 10.1177/1948550621991368

Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Flake, J. K., Liuzza, M., Antfolk, J., Arinze, N. C., ... Coles, N. A. (2021). To which world regions does the valence-dominance model of social perception apply?. Nature Human Behaviour. doi: 10.31234/osf.io/n26dy

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2021). Ancient homosexuality. In T. D. Shackelford & V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. New York, NY: Springer. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_3376-1

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2021). Non-western homosexuality. In T. D. Shackelford & V. A. Weekes-Shackelford (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. New York, NY: Springer.

2020

Alaei, R., Lévêque, G., MacDonald, G. M., & Rule, N. O. (2020). Accuracy and bias in first impressions of attachment style from faces. Journal of personality, 88, 940-949. doi: 10.1111/jopy.1254

Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2020). Emotion and gender typicality cue sexual orientation differently in women and men. Archives of Sexual Behaviour, 49, 2547-2560. doi: 10.1007/s10508-020-01700-3

Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2020). Negative emotions and perceived social class. Emotion, 20, 1031-1041. doi: 10.1037/emo0000613

Giacomin, M., & Rule, N. O. (2020). How static facial cues relate to real-world leaders' success: A review and meta-analysis. European Review of Social Psychology, 31, 120-148. doi: 10.1080/10463283.2020.1771935

Jaremka, L. M., Ackerman, J. M., Gawronski, B., Rule, N. O., Sweeny, K., Tropp, L. R., Metz, M. A., Molina, L., Ryan, W. S., & Vick, S.B. (2020). Common academic experiences no one talks about: Repeated rejection, impostor syndrome, and burnout. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 15, 519-543. doi: 10.1177/1745691619898848

Nguyen, A. M. & Rule, N. O. (2020). Implicit biculturalism theories: How bicultural individuals perceive others and organize their own cultures, Identity, 20, 258-271, doi: 10.1080/15283488.2020.1820868

Tian, L., Bashir, N. Y., Chasteen, A. L., & Rule, N. O. (2020). The effect of age-stigma concealment on social evaluations. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 42, 219-234. doi: 10.1080/01973533.2020.1741359

2019

Alaei, R., & Rule, N. O. (2019). People can accurately (but not adaptively) judge strangers' antigay prejudice from faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 43, 397-404. doi:10.1007/s10919-019-00305-2 [PDF]

Alley, Z. M., Kerr, D. C., Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2019). Prospective associations between boys' substance use and problem behavior histories and their facial trustworthiness in adulthood. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 38, 647-670. doi:10.1521/jscp.2019.38.7.647 [PDF]

Bjornsdottir, R. T., Yeretsian, S., West, G. L., & Rule, N. O. (2019). When words become borders: Ingroup favoritism in perceptions and mental representations of Anglo-Canadian and Franco-Canadian faces. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations, 22, 1021-1038. doi:10.1177/1368430218789495 [PDF]

Giacomin, M., & Rule, N. O. (2019). Eyebrows cue grandiose narcissism. Journal of Personality. doi:10.1111/jopy.12396 [PDF]

Lick, D. J., Johnson, K. L., Rule, N. O., & Stroessner, S. J. (2019). Perceivers infer base rates from social context to judge perceptually ambiguous social identities. Social Cognition, 37, 596-623. doi: 10.1521/soco.2019.37.6.596

Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2019). The many faces of trustworthiness: Accuracy and inaccuracy in predicting deception from facial appearance. In T. Docan-Morgan (Ed.), The Palgrave Handbook of Deceptive Communication (pp. 429-442). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.

2018

Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2018). Cultural neuroscience. In C. Faucher & T. Nishida (Eds.), Advances in Culturally-Aware Intelligent Systems and in Cross-Cultural Psychological Studies, Vol. 1 (pp. 265-282). Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

Dietl, E., Rule, N., & Blickle, G. (2018). Core self-evaluations mediate the association between leaders' facial appearance and their professional success: Adults' and children's perceptions. The Leadership Quarterly, 29, 476-488. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.01.002 [PDF]

Giacomin, M., Battaglini, A. M., & Rule, N. O. (2018). Grandiose narcissists seek status selectively. Social Cognition, 36, 20-42. doi:10.1521/soco.2018.36.1.20 [PDF]

Moshontz, H., Campbell, L., Ebersole, C. R., IJzerman, H., Urry, H. L., Forscher, P. S., ... & Chartier, C. R. (in press). The Psychological Science Accelerator: Advancing psychology through a distributed collaborative network. Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science. doi:10.31234/osf.io/785qu

Stern, C., & Rule, N. O. (2018). Physical androgyny and categorization difficulty shape political conservatives' attitudes toward transgender people. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 9, 24-31. doi:10.1177/1948550617703172 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2018). Perceptions of valence and arousal uniquely contribute to perceptions of ambiguous group membership from faces. Emotion, 7, 917-924. doi:10.1037/emo0000367 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2018). Social cognition and leadership. In J. Antonakis & D. V. Day (Eds.), The Nature of Leadership (3rd ed., pp. 221-243). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.

Tskhay, K. O., Zhu, R., Zou, C., & Rule, N. O. (2018). Charisma in everyday life: Conceptualization and validation of the General Charisma Inventory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 114, 131-152. doi:10.1037/pspp0000159 [PDF]

Watt, S. O., Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2018). Masculine voices predict well-being in female-to-male transgender individuals. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47, 963-972. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-1095-1 [PDF]

Wilson, J. P., Young, S. G., Rule, N. O., & Hugenberg, K. (2018). Configural processing and social judgments: Face inversion particularly disrupts inferences of human-relevant traits. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 74, 1-7. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2017.07.007 [PDF]

2017

Bjornsdottir, R. T., Alaei, R., & Rule, N. O. (2017). The perceptive proletarian: Subjective social class predicts interpersonal accuracy. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 41, 185-201. doi:10.1007/s10919-016-0248-6 [PDF]

Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Emotional expressions support the communication of social groups: A pragmatic extension of affective pragmatics. Psychological Inquiry, 28, 186-189. doi:10.1080/1047840X.2017.1338089 [PDF]

Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2017). The visibility of social class from facial cues. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 530-546. doi: 10.1037/pspa0000091 [PDF]

Bjornsdottir, R. T., Tskhay, K. O., Ishii, K., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Cultural differences in perceiving and processing emotions: A holistic approach to person perception. Culture and Brain, 5, 105-124. doi:10.1007/s40167-017-0053-z [PDF]

Ebersole, C. R., Alaei, R., Atherton, O. E., Bernstein, M. J., Brown, M., Chartier, C. R., ... & Nosek, B. A. (2017). Observe, hypothesize, test, repeat: Luttrell, Petty, and Xu (2017) demonstrate good science. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 69, 184-186. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2016.12.005 [PDF]

Ishii, K., Rule, N. O., & Toriyama, R. (2017). Context sensitivity in Canadian and Japanese children's judgments of emotion. Current Psychology, 36, 577-584. doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9446-y [PDF]

Jost, J. T., Stern, C., Rule, N. O., & Sterling. J. (2017). The politics of fear: Is there an ideological asymmetry in existential motivation? Social Cognition, 35, 324-353. doi:10.1521/soco.2017.35.4.324 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Distinctive facial cues predict leadership rank and selection. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 1311-1322. doi:10.1177/0146167217712989 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2017). The face of leadership: How CEOs' facial appearance predicts business success. Inquisitive Mind, 34. [HTML]

Rule, N. O. (2017). Introduction to the special issue on face perception. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 211. doi:10.1177/0963721417712542 [PDF]

Rule, N. O. (2017). Perceptions of sexual orientation from minimal cues. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 129-139. doi:10.1007/s10508-016-0779-2 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Johnson, K. L., & Freeman, J. B. (2017). Evidence for the absence of stimulus quality differences in tests of the accuracy of sexual orientation judgments: A reply to Cox et al. (2016). Journal of Sex Research, 54, 813-819. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1205547 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Mar, R., & Bjornsdottir, R. T. (2017). Cultural neuroscience insights to individual differences and personality. In A. T. Church (Ed.), Personality Across Cultures, Vol. 3 (pp. 59-86). Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Sutherland, S. L. (2017). The social categorization of faces: Evidence from obvious and ambiguous groups. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 231-236. doi:10.1177/0963721417697970 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., Clout, J. M., & Rule, N. O. (2017). The impact of health, wealth, and attractiveness on romantic evaluation from photographs of faces. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 2365-2376. doi:10.1007/s10508-017-0963-z [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Internalized homophobia influences perceptions of men's sexual orientation from photos of their faces. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46, 755-761. doi:10.1007/s10508-015-0628-8 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., Zhu, R., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Perceptions of charisma from thin slices of behavior predict leadership prototypicality judgments. The Leadership Quarterly, 28, 555-562. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.03.003 [PDF]

Wilson, J. P., Hugenberg, K., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Racial bias in judgments of physical size and formidability: From size to threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 113, 59-80. doi:10.1037/psp-pspi0000092.pdf [PDF]

Wilson, J. P., Remedios, J. D., & Rule, N. O. (2017). When double-minority status may be beneficial: Obvious and ambiguous social categories interact in perceptions of leadership. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 43, 888-900. doi:10.1177/0146167217702373 [PDF]

Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2017). Advances in understanding the detectability of trustworthiness from the face: Towards a taxonomy of a multi-faceted construct. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26, 396-400. doi:10.1177/0963721416686211 [PDF]

2016

Alaei, R., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Accuracy of perceiving social attributes. In J. A. Hall, M. Schmid Mast, & T. V. West (Eds.), The Social Psychology of Perceiving Others Accurately (pp. 125-142). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9781316181959.006 [PDF]

Bjornsdottir, R. T., & Rule, N. O. (2016). On the relationship between acculturation and intercultural understanding: Insight from the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 52, 39-48. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.03.003 [PDF]

Daros, A. R., Ruocco, A. C., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Identifying mental disorder from the faces of women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 40, 255-281. doi:10.1007/s10919-016-0237-9 [PDF]

Ebersole, C. R., Atherton, O. E., Belanger, A. L., Skulborstad, H. M., Allen, J. M., Banks, J. B., ... & Nosek, B. A. (2016). Many Labs 3: Evaluating participant pool quality across the academic semester via replication. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 67, 68-82. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2015.10.012 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2016). About face: New directions for the physician's general survey. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 65-69. doi:10.1177/0963721415620144 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2016). The big man has a big mouth: Mouth width correlates with perceived leadership ability and actual leadership performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 63, 86-92. doi:0.1016/j.jesp.2015.12.005 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Heavy matters: The relationship between just noticeable differences in perceptions of facial adiposity and facial attractiveness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 69-76. doi:10.1177/1948550615599829 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Making a (false) impression: The role of business expertise in first impressions of CEO leadership ability. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 40, 235-245. doi:10.1007/s10919-016-0231-2 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Predicting firm success from the facial appearance of Chief Executive Officers of non-profit organizations. Perception, 45, 1137-1150. doi:10.1177/0301006616652043 [PDF]

Re, D. E., Wang, S. A., He, J., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Selfie indulgence: Self-favoring biases in perceptions of selfies. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 588-596. doi:10.1177/1948550616644299 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Alaei, R. (2016). Gaydar: The perception of sexual orientation from subtle cues. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 25, 444-448. doi:10.1177/0963721416664403 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Bjornsdottir, R. T., Tskhay, K. O., & Ambady, N. (2016). Subtle perceptions of male sexual orientation influence occupational opportunities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101, 1687-1704. doi:10.1037/apl0000148 [PDF]

Tackett, J. L., Herzhoff, K., Kushner, S. C., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Thin slices of child personality: Perceptual, situational, and behavioral contributions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 110, 150-166. doi:10.1037/pspp0000044 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., Krendl, A. C., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Age-related physical changes interfere with judgments of male sexual orientation from faces. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 1217-1226. doi:10.1177/0146167216653585 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2016). People automatically extract infants' sex from faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 40 247-254. doi:10.1007/s10919-016-0235-y [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2016). People use psychological cues to detect physical disease from faces. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 42, 1309-1320. doi:10.1177/0146167216656357 [PDF]

Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2016). Hypothetical sentencing decisions are associated with actual capital punishment outcomes: The role of facial trustworthiness. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 7, 331-338. doi:10.1177/1948550615624142 [PDF]

2015

Lick, D. J., Johnson, K. L., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Disfluent processing of nonverbal cues helps to explain anti-bisexual prejudice. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 39, 275-288. doi:10.1007/s10919-015-0211-y [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Appearance and physiognomy. In D. Matsumoto, H. Hwang, & M. Frank (Eds.), APA Handbook of Nonverbal Communication (pp. 221-256). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. doi:10.1037/14669-009 [PDF]

Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2015). CEO facial appearance, firm performance, and financial success. In M. Fetscherin (Ed.) CEO Branding: Meaning, Measuring, Managing (pp. 219-238). New York, NY: Routledge. [PDF]

Re, D. E., Tskhay, K. O., Wilson, J. P., Tong, M-O., Zhong, C-B., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Facing fate: Estimates of longevity from facial appearance and their underlying cues. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 3, 30-36. doi:10.1037/arc0000015 [PDF]

Rule, N. O. (2015). Foreword: A dedication to Nalini Ambady. In J. E. Warnick & D. Landis (Eds.) Handbook of Intercultural Relations Neuroscience (pp. ix-xvi). New York, NY: Springer. [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Tskhay, K. O., Brambilla, M., Riva, P., Andrzejewski, S. A., & Krendl, A. C. (2015). The relationship between anti-gay prejudice and the categorization of sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 77, 74-80. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.12.038 [PDF]

Stern, C., West, T. V., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Conservatives negatively evaluate counterstereotypical people to maintain a sense of certainty. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 15337-15342. doi:10.1073/pnas.1517662112 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Emotions facilitate the communication of ambiguous group memberships. Emotion, 15, 812-826. doi:10.1037/emo0000077 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Semantic information influences race categorization from faces. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 769-778. doi:10.1177/0146167215579053 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Sexual orientation across culture and time. In S. Safdar & N. Kosakowska-Berzecka (Eds.), The Psychology of Gender and Culture (pp. 55-73). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-14005-6_4 [PDF]

Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2015). Facial trustworthiness predicts extreme criminal sentencing outcomes. Psychological Science, 26, 1325-1331. doi:10.1177/0956797615590992 [PDF]

2014

Bashir, N. Y., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Shopping under the influence: Nonverbal appearance-based communicator cues affect consumer judgments. Psychology & Marketing, 31, 539-548. doi:10.1002/mar.20715 [PDF]

Brankley, A. E., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Threat perception: How Psychopathy and Machiavellianism relate to social perceptions during competition. Personality and Individual Differences, 71, 103-107. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.07.015 [PDF]

Ishii, K., Miyamoto, Y., Rule, N. O., & Toriyama, R. (2014). Physical objects as vehicles of cultural transmission: Maintaining harmony and uniqueness through colored geometric patterns. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 175-188. doi:10.1177/0146167213508151 [PDF]

Krendl, A. C., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2014). Does aging impair first impression accuracy? Differentiating emotion recognition from complex social inferences. Psychology and Aging, 29, 482-490. doi:10.1037/a0037146 [PDF]

Pronina, I., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Inducing bias modulates sensitivity to nonverbal cues of others' pain. European Journal of Pain, 18, 1452-1454. doi:10.1002/ejp.510 [PDF]

Rule, N. O. (2014). Cultural neuroscience: A historical introduction and overview. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 9. doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1128. [HTML]

Rule, N. O. (2014). Snap-judgment science. APS Observer, 27, 18. [HTML]

Rule, N. O., & Tskhay, K. O. (2014). The influence of economic context on the relationship between Chief Executive Officer facial appearance and company profits. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 846-854. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.01.001 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Tskhay, K. O., Freeman, J. B., & Ambady, N. (2014). On the interactive influence of facial appearance and explicit knowledge in social categorization. European Journal of Social Psychology, 44, 529-535. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2043 [PDF]

Stern, C., West, T. V., Jost, J. T., & Rule, N. O. (2014). "Ditto heads": Do conservatives perceive greater consensus within their ranks than liberals? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40, 1162-1177. doi:10.1177/0146167214537834 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., Re, D. E., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Individual differences in perceptions of gay men’s sexual role preferences from facial cues. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43, 1615-1620. doi:10.1007/s10508-014-0319-x [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Perceptions of personality in text-based media and OSN: A meta-analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 49, 25-30. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2013.12.004 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., Xu, H., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Perceptions of leadership success from nonverbal cues communicated by orchestra conductors. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 901-911. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2014.07.001 [PDF]

Wilson, J. P., & Rule, N. O. (2014). Perceptions of others' political affiliation are moderated by individual perceivers' own political attitudes. PLoS ONE, 9, e95431. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095431 [HTML]

2013

Brambilla, M., Riva, P., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Familiarity increases the accuracy of categorizing male sexual orientation. Personality and Individual Differences, 55, 193-195. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.02.023 [PDF]

Burton, C. M., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Judgments of height from faces are informed by dominance and facial maturity. Social Cognition, 31, 671-684. doi:10.1521/soco.2013.31.6.672 [PDF]

Kleiman, S., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Detecting suicidality from facial appearance. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 4, 453-360. doi:10.1177/1948550612466115 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Freeman, J. B., & Ambady, N. (2013). Culture in social neuroscience: A review. Social Neuroscience, 8, 3-10. doi:10.1080/17470919.2012.695293 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Krendl, A. C., Ivcevic, Z., & Ambady, N. (2013). Accuracy and consensus in judgments of trustworthiness from faces: Behavioral and neural correlates. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 409-426. doi:10.1037/a0031050 [PDF]

Stern, C., West, T. V., Jost, J. T., & Rule, N. O. (2013). The politics of gaydar: Ideological differences in the use of gendered cues in categorizing sexual orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 104, 520-541. doi:10.1037/a0031187 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., Feriozzo, M. M., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Facial features influence the categorization of female sexual orientation. Perception, 42, 1090-1094. doi:10.1068/p7575 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Accuracy in categorizing perceptually ambiguous groups: A review and meta-analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17, 72-86. doi:10.1177/1088868312461308 [PDF]

Tskhay, K. O., & Rule, N. O. (2013). Accurate identification of a preference for insertive versus receptive intercourse from static facial cues of gay men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 42, 1217-1222. doi:10.1007/s10508-013-0092-2 [PDF]

2012

Ding, J. Y. C., & Rule, N. O. (2012). Gay, straight, or somewhere in between: Accuracy and bias in the perception of bisexual faces. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 36, 165-176. doi:10.1007/s10919-011-0129-y [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Adams, R. B., Jr., Ambady, N., & Freeman, J. B. (2012). Perceptions of dominance following glimpses of faces and bodies. Perception, 41, 687-706. doi:10.1068/p7023 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Slepian, M. L., & Ambady, N. (2012). A memory advantage for untrustworthy faces. Cognition, 125, 207-218. doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2012.06.017 [PDF]

Slepian, M. L., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2012). Proprioception and person perception: Politicians and professors. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38, 1621-1628. doi:10.1177/0146167212457786 [PDF]

Slepian, M. L., Young, S. G., Rule, N. O., Weisbuch, M., & Ambady, N. (2012). Embodied impression formation: Social judgments and motor cues to approach and avoidance. Social Cognition, 30, 232-240. doi:10.1521/soco.2012.30.2.232 [PDF]

2011

Remedios, J. D., Chasteen, A. L., Rule, N. O., & Plaks, J. E. (2011). Impressions at the intersection of ambiguous and obvious social categories: Does gay + black = likable? Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47, 1312-1315. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.05.015 [PDF]

Rule, N. O. (2011). The influence of target and perceiver race in the categorization of male sexual orientation. Perception, 40, 830-839. doi:10.1068/p7001 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2011). Face and fortune: Inferences of personality from Managing Partners’ faces predict their firms’ financial success. The Leadership Quarterly, 22, 690-696. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.05.009 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2011). Judgments of power from college yearbook photos and later career success. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 2, 154-158. doi:10.1177/1948550610385473 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Freeman, J. B., & Ambady, N. (2011). Brain and behavior in cultural context: Insights from cognition, perception, and emotion. In S. Han & E. Poeppel (Eds.), Culture and identity: Neural frames of social cognition (pp. 109-122). New York, NY: Springer. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15423-2_7 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Ishii, K., & Ambady, N. (2011). Cross-cultural impressions of leaders’ faces: Consensus and predictive validity. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 35, 833-841. doi:10.1016/j.ijintrel.2011.06.001 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Ishii, K., Ambady, N., Rosen, K. S. & Hallett, K. C. (2011). Found in translation: Cross-cultural consensus in the accurate categorization of male sexual orientation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37, 1449-1507. doi:10.1177/0146167211415630 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Moran, J. M., Freeman, J. B., Whitfield-Gabrieli, S., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Ambady, N. (2011). Face value: Amygdala response reflects the validity of first impressions. NeuroImage, 54, 734-741. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.07.007 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Rosen, K. S., Slepian, M. L., & Ambady, N. (2011). Mating interest improves women’s accuracy in judging male sexual orientation. Psychological Science, 22, 881-886. doi:10.1177/0956797611412394 [PDF]

Slepian, M. L., Weisbuch, M., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2011). Tough and tender: Embodiment and the social categorization of gender. Psychological Science, 22, 26-28. doi:10.1177/0956797610390388 [PDF]

2010

Adams, R. B., Jr., Franklin, R. G., Jr., Rule, N. O., Freeman, J. B., Kveraga, K., Hadjikhani, N., Yoshikawa, S. & Ambady, N. (2010). Culture, gaze, and the neural processing of fear expressions. Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 340-348. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp047 [PDF]

Adams, R. B., Jr., Rule, N. O., Franklin, R. G., Jr., Wang, E. J., Stevenson, M. T. Yoshikawa, S., Nomura, M., Sato, W., Kveraga, K., & Ambady, N. (2010). Cross-cultural reading the mind in the eyes: An fMRI investigation. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 22, 97-108. doi:10.1162/jocn.2009.21187 [PDF]

Freeman, J. B., Johnson, K. L., Ambady, N., & Rule, N. O. (2010). Sexual orientation perception involves gendered facial cues. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 36, 1318-1331. doi:10.1177/0146167210378755 [PDF]

Freeman, J. B., Rule, N. O., Adams, R. B., Jr., & Ambady, N. (2010). The neural basis of categorical face perception: Graded representations of face gender in fusiform and orbitofrontal cortices. Cerebral Cortex, 20, 1314-1322. doi:10.1093/cercor/bhp195 [PDF]

Freeman, J. B., Schiller, D., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2010). The neural origins of snap and individuated judgments. Human Brain Mapping, 31, 150-159. doi:10.1002/hbm.20852 [PDF]

Ozono, H., Watabe, M., Yoshikawa, S., Nakashima, S., Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., & Adams, R. B., Jr. (2010). What's in a smile? Cultural differences in the effects of similing on judgments of trustworthiness. Letters on Evolutionary Behavioral Science, 1, 15-18. doi:10.5178/lebs.2010.4 [PDF]

Pauker, K., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2010). Ambiguity and social perception. In E. Balcetis & D. Lassiter (Ed’s.), Social Psychology of Visual Perception (pp. 13-29). New York, NY: Psychology Press.

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2010). Democrats and Republicans can be differentiated from their faces. PLoS ONE, 5, e8733. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0008733.g001 [HTML]

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2010). First impressions of the face: Predicting success and behavior. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 506-516. doi:10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00282.x [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., Jr., Ozono, H., Nakashima, S., Yoshikawa, S., & Watabe, M. (2010). Polling the face: Prediction and consensus across cultures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 1-15. doi:10.1037/a0017673 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Freeman, J. B., Moran, J. M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Adams, R. B., Jr., & Ambady, N. (2010). Voting behavior is reflected in amygdala response across cultures. Social, Cognitive, and Affective Neuroscience, 5, 349-355. doi:10.1093/scan/nsp046 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Garrett, J. V., & Ambady, N. (2010). On the perception of religious group membership from faces. PLoS ONE, 5, e14241. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0014241 [HTML]

Rule, N. O., Garrett, J. V., & Ambady, N. (2010). Places and faces: Geographic environment influences the ingroup memory advantage. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 98, 343-355. doi: 10.1037/a0018589 [PDF]

2009

Freeman, J. B., Rule, N. O., Adams, R. B., Jr., & Ambady, N. (2009). Culture shapes a mesolimbic response to human signals of dominance and subordination that associates with behavior. NeuroImage, 47, 353-359. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.038 [PDF]

Freeman, J. B., Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2009). The cultural neuroscience of social perception. Progress in Brain Research, 178, 191-201. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17813-5 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2009). She’s got the look: Inferences from female chief executive officers’ faces predict their success. Sex Roles, 61, 644-652. doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9658-9 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., & Adams, R. B., Jr. (2009). Personality in perspective: Judgmental consistency across orientations of the face. Perception, 38, 1688-1699. doi:10.1068/p6384 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., & Hallett, K. C. (2009). Female sexual orientation is perceived accurately, rapidly, and automatically from the face and its features. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 45, 1245-1251. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2009.07.010 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Macrae, C. N., & Ambady, N. (2009). Ambiguous group membership is extracted automatically from faces. Psychological Science, 20, 441-443. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2009.02314.x [PDF]

2008

Freeman, J. B., Ambady, N., Rule, N. O., & Johnson, K. L. (2008). Will a category cue attract you? Motor output reveals dynamic competition across person construal. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 137, 673-690. doi:10.1037/a0013875 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). Brief exposures: Male sexual orientation is accurately perceived at 50-ms. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44, 1100-1105. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2007.12.001 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). The face of success: Inferences from Chief Executive Officers’ appearance predict company profits. Psychological Science, 19, 109-111. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2008.02054.x [PDF]

Rule, N. O., & Ambady, N. (2008). First impressions: Peeking at the neural correlates. In N. Ambady & J. Skowronski (Ed’s.), First Impressions (pp. 35-56). New York, NY: Guilford. [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., Jr., & Macrae, C. N. (2008). Accuracy and awareness in the perception and categorization of male sexual orientation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 95, 1019-1028. doi:10.1037/a0013194 [PDF]

2007

Ambady, N., & Rule, N. O. (2007). Thin slices of behavior. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Ed’s.), Encyclopedia of Social Psychology. (pp. 990-992). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. doi:10.4135/9781412956253 [PDF]

Rule, N. O., Ambady, N., Adams, R. B., Jr., & Macrae, C. N. (2007). Us and them: Memory advantages in perceptually ambiguous groups. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 14, 687-692. doi:10.3758/BF03196822 [PDF]

2006

Giles, H., Fortman, J., Dailey, R., Barker, V., Hajek, C., Anderson, M. C., & Rule, N. O. (2006). Communication accommodation: Law enforcement and the public. In R. M. Dailey & B. A. Le Poire (Ed’s.), Interpersonal communication matters: Family, health, and community relations (pp. 241-269). New York, NY: Peter Lang. [PDF]